The Blackening of Europe

Contents

Introduction

Part I: Central Influences on the Formation of the European Union

1. Early European Integration

1.1 Kalergi’s Paneuropean Movement

1.1.1 Historical and Political Context

1.1.2 Ideology

1.1.3 Ethnonationalism Sterilised for Mischief

1.1.4 Eurafrica

1.1.5 Funding, Support, Leadership, and Opposition

1.2 American Influence and Further Eurafrican Development, 1945–1970

1.2.1 American Intellectual and Financial Involvement

1.2.2 The European Economic Community

2. The Fabian Society and the Frankfurt School

2.1 The Fabian Society

2.1.1 The London School of Economics and the Labour Party

2.2 The Frankfurt School

2.2.1 Cultural Marxism and Critical Theory

2.3 Fabianism, Cultural Marxism, Paneuropean  Socialism, and the New Left

3. International and Geopolitical Developments

3.1 Middle-East Conflicts and Euro-Arab Cooperation, 1948–1979

3.1.1 1973 Oil Embargo and the Euro-Arab Dialogue (EAD)

3.1.2 Politicisation of the EAD and Promotion of Islam in Europe

3.2 Euro-Arab Cooperation and Integration, 1985 to Twenty-first Century

3.2.1 Euro-Arab and Euro-Mediterranean Relations and Funding

3.2.2 Anna Lindh Foundation, European Neighbourhood Policy, and Union for the Mediterranean

Part II: Deep Ideological Currents

4. Original to New Cosmopolitanism, and a Critique

4.1 Cosmopolitanism

4.1.1 Kantian Cosmopolitanism

4.1.2 Proletarian Cosmopolitanism

4.1.3 Critical Cosmopolitanism: Jürgen Habermas

4.1.4 Universal Cosmopolitanism: Martha Nussbaum

4.1.5 Liberal and Pluralistic Cosmopolitanism: William Kymlicka

4.1.6 New Cosmopolitanism

4.2 Critique of Cosmopolitanism

4.2.1 Jürgen Habermas

4.2.2 Elitism, Global Cities, and Mental Health

4.2.3 Kymlicka: Minority and Majority Rights

5. Liberalism

5.1 Classical Liberalism

5.2 Modern, Social or New Liberalism

5.3 Neoliberalism

6. Conservatism: Classical to Neoconservatism

6.1 Paleoconservatism

6.2 Neoconservatism

6.3 Critique of Neoconservatism

Afterword

Index

Bibliography